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Journal of Travel Research
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Testing a Constraints Model within the Context of Nature-Based Tourism

Lori A. Pennington-Gray

Department of Recreation, Parks and Tourism at the University of Florida in Gainesville

Deborah L. Kerstetter

Pennsylvania State University in University Park

This study focused on pleasure travelers’ perceived constraints to nature-based tourism. Eleven constraint statements were identified through a literature review and were chosen a priori to represent three types of constraint as outlined by Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the three types of constraints (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) existed in the context of nature-based tourism. A confirmatory factor analysis using the EQS program was used to "confirm" that the data fit the three-constraint model. MANOVA was then employed to identify whether respondents differed in their perception of constraints based on demographic variables. The findings indicated that differences existed with regards to age and family life cycle stage.

Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 40, No. 4, 416-423 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/0047287502040004008
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