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Journal of Travel Research
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Advancing Ecological Systems Theory in Lifestyle, Leisure, and Travel Research

Arch G. Woodside

Boston College

Marylouise Caldwell

University of Sydney, Australia

Ray Spurr

Ecological systems theory and research focus on describingand explaining the thoughts and actions of individuals and groups within specific contexts of their lives. This article applies ecological systems theory to examine the contextual facilitating and constraining factors in the thoughts and actions of individuals regarding work, leisure, and travel alternatives. The article presents the results of a case research study of five Australian households with thought protocol data on these households’ lived experiences in work, leisure, and travel, and learning how they compare " noncomparable" leisure expenditure options; the discussion leads to advancing macroecological and microecological systems theory in leisure travel behavior. The article includes suggestions for future research and implications for tourism marketing strategy.

Key Words: ecology • facilitators • constraints • leisure trave

Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 44, No. 3, 259-272 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0047287505282945
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A. G. Woodside and D. Martin
Applying Ecological Systems and Micro-Tipping Point Theory for Understanding Tourists' Leisure Destination Behavior
Journal of Travel Research, August 1, 2008; 47(1): 14 - 24.
[Abstract] [PDF]