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Journal of Travel Research
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Birding Festivals, Sustainability, and Ecotourism

An Ambiguous Relationship

Laura J. Lawton

Griffith University-Gold Coast Campus

A survey of 108 U.S.-based birding festivals reveals overall basic adherence to ecotourism criteria, although cluster analysis reveals four distinct subgroups whose members are labeled as normatives (47%), minimalists (30%), recruiters (15%), and fund-raisers (8%). Formal identification with ecotourism through promotion or membership was low and did not predict cluster membership or increase in visitor numbers. Hence, while ecotourism organizations could benefit from an influx of birding festival memberships, the reciprocal benefits for birding festivals with regard to performance and sustainability outcomes are unclear.

Key Words: birding festivals • ecotourism • sustainable tourism • event management • cluster analysis • United States

This version was published on November 1, 2009

Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 48, No. 2, 259-267 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0047287509332330
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